Heatline visualization of natural convection in a trapezoidal cavity partly filled with nanofluid porous layer and partly with non-Newtonian fluid layer

• Finite Volume Method (FVM) was applied to solve the governing equations.
• Water-based nanofluid with four types of nanoparticles were chosen for investigation.
• The effect of increasing nanofluid layer thickness on the streamlines was studied.
• The Nusselt number has maximum value when the power-law index <1.

The problem of natural convection in a trapezoidal cavity partly filled with nanofluid porous layer and partly with non-Newtonian fluid layer is visualized by heatline. Water-based nanofluids with silver or copper or alumina or titania nanoparticles are chosen for investigation. The governing equations are solved numerically using the Finite Volume Method (FVM) over a wide range of Rayleigh number (Ra=105Ra=105 and 106106), Darcy number (10-5⩽Da⩽10-110-5⩽Da⩽10-1), nanoparticle volume fraction (0⩽ϕ⩽0.20⩽ϕ⩽0.2), power-law index (0.6⩽n⩽1.40.6⩽n⩽1.4), porous layer thickness (0.3⩽S⩽0.70.3⩽S⩽0.7), the side wall inclination angle (0°⩽φ⩽21.8°0°⩽φ⩽21.8°) and the inclination angle of the cavity (0°⩽ω⩽90°0°⩽ω⩽90°). Explanation for the influence of various above mentioned parameters on streamlines, isotherms and overall heat transfer is provided on the basis of thermal conductivities of nanoparticles, water and porous medium. It is shown that convection increases remarkably by the addition of silver–water nanofluid and the heat transfer rate is affected by the inclination angle of the cavity variation. The results have possible applications in heat-removal and heat-storage fluid-saturated porous systems.

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