Towards 20.5% efficiency PERC Cells by improved understanding through simulation

This paper investigates by means of finite-elements and SPICE simulation the further improvement of solar cell performance of PERC-type cells by introduction of industry-compatible solutions, such as a 120 sq. phosphorous emitter with a lower surface concentration than that of current 60 sq. standard emitters and the replacement of the silver screen-printed front-side metallization by narrow, dense electro-plated copper lines on lowly resistive Ti or NiSi contacts.