Tissue engineering on the nanoscale: lessons from the heart

Recognizing the limitations of biomaterials for engineering complex tissues and the desire for closer recapitulation of the natural matrix have led tissue engineers to seek new technologies for fabricating 3-dimensional (3D) cellular microenvironments. In this review, through examples from cardiac tissue engineering, we describe the nanoscale hallmarks of the extracellular matrix that tissue engineers strive to mimic. Furthermore, we discuss the use of inorganic nanoparticles and nanodevices for improving and monitoring the performance of engineered tissues. Finally, we offer our opinion on the main challenges and prospects of applying nanotechnology in tissue engineering.

Figure optionsDownload high-quality image (160 K)Download as PowerPoint slideHighlights
► Nanotechnologies are used to mimic natural components of the cell microenvironment.
► Inorganic nanomaterials interact with cells to promote physiological processes.
► Nanoelectronic devices are integrated with engineered tissues to monitor function.