Large-eddy simulation (LES) of the large scale bubble plume

A large-eddy simulation of gas–liquid flow in a large scale bubble plume is presented. The Euler-Euler approach is used to describe the equations of motion of the two phase flow. The sub-grid scale modeling is based on the Smagorinsky kernel. All the non-drag forces (turbulent dispersion force (only for RANS), virtual mass force, lift force) and drag force are incorporated in the model. Overall, predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data at higher measurement levels but discrepancies are observed in the region near the injector. The axial mean liquid velocity and gas velocity at all the measurement levels exhibit the expected Gaussian profiles and plume spreading. The predictions of gas void fraction, axial gas and liquid velocity are in good agreement with the experimental data except near the injector. Further, the detailed comparison of LES and RANS predictions along with experimental data is presented and discussed.