Influence of the lift force in direct numerical simulation of upward/downward turbulent channel flow laden with surfactant contaminated microbubbles

In this work, we employ direct numerical simulation of turbulence one-way coupled to Lagrangian tracking to investigate microbubble distribution in upward and downward channel flow. We consider a closed channel flow at Reτ=150Reτ=150 and a dispersion of microbubbles characterized by a diameter of 220μm. Bubbles are assumed contaminated by surfactants (i.e., no-slip condition at bubble surface) and are subject to drag, gravity, pressure gradient forces, Basset history force and aerodynamic lift.Our results confirm previous findings and show that microbubble dispersion in the wall region is dominated by the action of gravity combined with the lift force. Specifically, in upward flow, bubble rising velocity in the wall region generates a lift force which pushes bubbles to the wall. In downward flow, bubble rising velocity against the fluid generates a lift force which prevents microbubbles from reaching the viscous sublayer.In the wall region, we observe bubble preferential segregation in high-speed regions in the downflow case, and non-preferential distribution in the upflow case. This phenomenon is related to the effect of the lift force. Compared to experiments, the current lift force model produces larger consequences, this effect being overemphasized in the upflow case in which a large number of bubbles is segregated near the wall. In this case, the resulting bubble wall-peak of concentration outranges experimental results.These results, so deeply related to the lift force, underline the crucial role of current understanding of the fluid forces acting on bubbles and help to formulate questions about available force models, bubble–bubble interactions and two-way coupling which can be crucial for accurate predictions in the region very near the wall.