On the formation of Taylor bubbles in small tubes

The formation of Taylor bubbles and resulting bubble lengths were studied in a 1mm ID vertical tube for air–water and air–octane systems. In the co-flow tube/nozzle arrangement two nozzle sizes were used as gas inlets. Superficial velocities varied between 0.001–0.025m/s for the liquid and 0.002–0.04m/s for the gas. Three different mechanisms of initial bubble formation were observed. Of the three mechanisms, mechanism 3 is periodic (with period consisting of a bubble and a liquid slug), reproducible and can be simply modelled. After initial bubble formation further modifications may occur in the formed bubble size by coalescence or pairing. Bubble pairing is encouraged by smaller nozzles and liquid flow rates, while coalescence is observed only for cases where non-Taylor bubbles form initially.Two simple models have been proposed, the first predicts the size of the Taylor bubbles formed by mechanism 3 while the second attempts to predict the condition for bubble pairing to occur. Reasonable agreement with experimental results validates the predictions of the first model for a strong dependence of the volume of Taylor bubbles formed on the gas and liquid flow rates, a moderate dependence on nozzle diameter and a weak dependence (if at all) on the surface tension of the liquid used. Mismatch with the experimental results is caused (at least in part) by the experimental setup where there was no perfect axial alignment of the gas inlet. The experiments also suffered from problems at the outlet at low flow rates where smooth bubble disengagement could not be ensured for long Taylor bubbles. The second model for pairing predicts its occurrence for concentric tube/nozzle arrangements as a function of flow rates and channel diameters. The model over-predicted the range of liquid flow rates at which pairing was observed experimentally, but it captured the form of the boundary between different bubble volume modification mechanisms when represented on superficial velocity graphs.