Turing pattern outside of the Turing domain

There are two simple solutions to reaction–diffusion systems with limit-cycle reaction kinetics, producing oscillatory behaviour. The reaction parameter μμ gives rise to a ‘space-invariant’ solution, and μμ versus the ratio of the diffusion coefficients gives rise to a ‘time-invariant’ solution. We consider the case where both solution types may be possible. This leads to a refinement of the Turing model of pattern formation. We add convection to the system and investigate its effect. More complex solutions arise that appear to combine the two simple solutions. The convective system sheds light on the underlying behaviour of the diffusive system.