Engineering dynamic biointerfaces

• Regenerative medicine requires control over cell attachment and direction of migration.
• Dynamic interfaces enable spatial and temporal control of attachment or detachment of cells using chemical, optical, thermal, or electrical triggers.
• Geometric patterns guide the direction of cell migration over unlimited distances on two-dimensional substrates or three-dimensional channels.

Recent advances in dynamic biointerfaces enable spatiotemporal control over cell position and migration after attachment using substrates that employ chemical, optical, thermal, or electrical triggers. This review focuses on flexible and accessible methods for the fabrication of cellular arrays or co cultures for fundamental studies of cell biology or regenerative medicine.