Review and classify the GHGs-related indicators

Indicators can examine these changes, and monitor the use of economic and social resources, as well as the changes occurring in the efficiency of energy use and the environmental problems caused by energy use (such as greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions). Environmental indicators can also be used to evaluate the results achieved in energy policy implementation and as a reference for the formulation of new policies. Using indicators to monitor the environmental impacts and to evaluate the efficacies of policies and regulations has been practiced for a long time; and it can serve as a useful tool for decision-making and for comparison between different countries. The objectives of this study were: (1) to conduct a literature review on the indicators that have been used in GHGs-related studies; (2) to develop a driving force-pressure-state-impact-response (DPSIR) model that incorporates GHGs-related indicators and then evaluate their relationships using a cause-effect chain of GHGs emission. This review does not aim to assess or compare different accounting systems that often support the selection of indicators, but try to organize this information that requiring clear boundaries be established, and define what will be extended implication in the future.