Simulations of X-ray emission from Omega fill tube experiments

The capsules used in ignition experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser will have a layer of frozen DT inside a low-Z shell. Liquid DT will be injected through a narrow fill tube that penetrates the shell and is frozen in place. The fill tube is a perturbation on the surface of the capsule and hydrodynamic instabilities will cause this perturbation to grow during an implosion. Experiments to investigate the growth of perturbations due to fill tubes have been carried out on the Omega laser. The goal of these experiments was to validate simulations at Omega energy scales and thus increase confidence in the use of simulations in planning for NIF experiments. Simulations show that the fill tube leads to a jet of shell material that penetrates into the DT fuel. Simulations will be used to pick experimental conditions in which the jet is small enough that it does not significantly reduce the yield of a NIF implosion. This paper compares experiments in which bumps and stalks were used as fill tube surrogates to 2D simulations of X-ray emission from Omega capsule implosions. Experiments and simulations are in reasonable agreement on the size of a bump or stalk required to produce a jet that is visible above the emission from a (nominally) smooth capsule.