Massive and refined: A sample of large galaxy clusters simulated at high resolution. I: Thermal gas and properties of shock waves

We present a sample of 20 massive galaxy clusters with total virial masses in the range of 6 × 1014 M⊙ ⩽ Mvir ⩽ 2 × 1015 M⊙, re-simulated with a customized version of the 1.5. ENZO code employing adaptive mesh refinement. This technique allowed us to obtain unprecedented high spatial resolution (≈25 kpc/h) up to the distance of ∼3 virial radii from the clusters center, and makes it possible to focus with the same level of detail on the physical properties of the innermost and of the outermost cluster regions, providing new clues on the role of shock waves and turbulent motions in the ICM, across a wide range of scales.In this paper, a first exploratory study of this data set is presented. We report on the thermal properties of galaxy clusters at z = 0. Integrated and morphological properties of gas density, gas temperature, gas entropy and baryon fraction distributions are discussed, and compared with existing outcomes both from the observational and from the numerical literature. Our cluster sample shows an overall good consistency with the results obtained adopting other numerical techniques (e.g. Smoothed Particles Hydrodynamics), yet it provides a more accurate representation of the accretion patterns far outside the cluster cores. We also reconstruct the properties of shock waves within the sample by means of a velocity-based approach, and we study Mach numbers and energy distributions for the various dynamical states in clusters, giving estimates for the injection of Cosmic Rays particles at shocks. The present sample is rather unique in the panorama of cosmological simulations of massive galaxy clusters, due to its dynamical range, statistics of objects and number of time outputs. For this reason, we deploy a public repository of the available data, accessible via web portal at http://data.cineca.it.