Inter-network magnetic interactions in GdMexMn1−xO3 perovskites (Me=transition metal)

The gadolinium-based manganite GdMnO3 of perovskite structure has been partially substituted at the manganese site by transition metal elements Me like Cu, Ni and Co, leading to a general formula GdMexMn1−xO3, in which different magnetic entities (e.g., Gd3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+, Mn3+, Mn4+) can coexist, depending on charge equilibrium conditions. For divalent cations such as Cu2+ and Ni2+, the solid solution extends from x  (Me)=0–0.5, with O-type orthorhombic symmetry (a0.5. In this latter case, the synthesis is performed under oxygen flow, which allows the cobalt ion to take a 3+ oxidation state.Magnetic properties were studied through susceptibility and magnetization measurements. A paramagnetic–ferromagnetic transition occurs at Tc, due to double-exchange interactions between transition metal ions (Mn3+–Mn4+, Ni2+–Mn4+, Co2+–Mn4+), leading to an optimum value at x(Me)=0.50 (Tc=145 and 120 K, for GdNi0.5Mn0.5O3 and GdCo0.5Mn0.5O3, respectively). Different situations were identified, among them, a spin reversal in GdNi0.3Mn0.7O3, strong ferromagnetic interactions in GdNi0.5Mn0.5O3, large coercive fields in GdCo0.5Mn0.5O3 or Co3+–Mn4+ antiferromagnetic interactions in GdCo0.9Mn0.1O3. Most of these situations are explained by a phenomenological model of two magnetic sublattices: a transition-metal |Me+Mn| network which orders ferromagnetically at Tc and a gadolinium sublattice, composed of independent Gd3+ ions. These networks are antiferromagnetically coupled through a negative exchange interaction. The local field created by the ferromagnetic |Me+Mn| lattice at the gadolinium site polarizes the Gd moment in a direction opposite to the applied field. When the magnetization of paramagnetic gadolinium, which varies as T−1, gets larger than the ferromagnetic magnetization of the transition metal, which is “frozen” at T