Reactions Induced by Real Photons for Nuclear Structure and Nuclear Astrophysics

This contribution presents examples for recent experimental studies with real photons. Topics include the electric dipole response below the particle separation energy (pygmy resonance), the magnetic scissors mode in deformed nu, an analysis of low-lying electric quadrupole strength and astrophysical applications. Results of reactions induced by real photons are compared to those obtained from virtual photons (electron scattering, Coulomb excitation).