Neuronal damage and functional deficits are ameliorated by inhibition of aquaporin and HIF1α after traumatic brain injury (TBI)

The present study, using a rodent model of closed-head diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI), investigated the role of dysregulated aquaporins (AQP) 4 and 9, as well as hypoxia inducible factor − 1α(HIF-1α) on brain edema formation, neuronal injury, and functional deficits.TBI was induced in adult (400–425 g), male Sprague–Dawley rats using a modified Marmarou's head impact-acceleration device (450 g weight dropped from 2 m height). Animals in each treatment group were administered intravenous anti-AQP4 or -AQP9 antibodies or 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2, an inhibitor of HIF-1α) 30 min after injury. At 24 h post-TBI, animals (n = 6 each group) were sacrificed to examine the extent of brain edema by water content, as well as protein expression of AQP and HIF-1α by Western immune-blotting. At 48-hours post-TBI, neuronal injury (n = 8 each group) was assessed by FluoroJade (FJ) histochemistry. Spatial learning and memory deficits were evaluated by radial arm maze (n = 8 each group) up to 21 days post-TBI.Compared to non-injured controls, significant (p < 0.05) increases in the expression of AQP4 and − 9 were detected in the brains of injured animals. In addition, significant (p < 0.05) brain edema after TBI was associated with increases (p < 0.05) both in neuronal injury (FJ labeling) and neurobehavioral deficits. Selective inhibition of either AQP4 or − 9, or HIF-1α significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the expression of the proteins. In addition, inhibition of the AQPs and HIF-1α significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated brain edema, as well as the number of injured neurons in cortical layers II/III and V/VI, striatum and hippocampal regions CA1/CA3. Finally, compared to the non-treated TBI animals, AQP or HIF-1α inhibition significantly (p < 0.01) improved neurobehavioral outcomes after TBI.Taken together, the present data supports a causal relation between HIF-AQP mediated cerebral edema, secondary neuronal injury, and tertiary behavioral deficits post-TBI. The data further suggests that upstream modulation of the molecular patho-trajectory effectively ameliorates both neuronal injury and behavioral deficits post-TBI.