Electrophysiological effects of orexin/hypocretin on nucleus accumbens shell neurons in rats: An in vitro study

Orexin-A (ORX-A) and orexin-B (ORX-B) play critical roles in the regulation of sleep–wakefulness, energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine system and autonomic functions. Although ORXs are also implicated in the reward process, their electrophysiological effects on neurons in the shell of nucleus accumbems (NAcSh) have not been described thoroughly. Therefore we examined the electrophysiological effects of ORXs on rat NAcSh neurons. Whole cell patch clamp recording in vitro revealed that ORX-A and ORX-B depolarize NAcSh neurons in normal and/or tetrodotoxin (TTX)-containing artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). The depolarization accompanied by a decrease of membrane resistance was concentration-dependent, and there was no significant difference between the two dose–response curves obtained by ORX-A and ORX-B. The ORX-B-induced depolarization was reduced in low-Na+, flufenamic acid-containing, and high-K+ TTX ACSFs, and completely abolished in low-Na+/high-K+ TTX ACSF. An inhibitor of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger had no effect on the depolarization. The reversal potential obtained from I–V relationships before and during the ORX-B-induced depolarization in low-Na+ TTX ACSF was about −84 mV, and that obtained in TTX ACSF using patch pipettes with Cs+-containing internal solution was about −38 mV. These results suggest that ORXs directly depolarize NAcSh neurons via OX2 receptors and via a dual ionic mechanism including an increase of nonselective cationic conductance and a decrease of K+ conductance, and that NAcSh neurons are involved in the cellular mechanisms through which ORXs participate in the regulation of the reward process as well as feeding and arousal.