Pioglitazone prevents morphine antinociceptive tolerance via ameliorating neuroinflammation in rat cerebral cortex

It is concluded that oral administration of pioglitazone attenuates morphine-induced tolerance. This effect of pioglitazone may be, at least in part, due to its anti-inflammatory property which suppressed the cortical pro-inflammatory cytokine and inhibited of nuclear factor-kappa B activity.