Exotic annuals reduce soil heterogeneity in coastal sage scrub soil chemical and biological characteristics

Exotic plant invasions alter ecosystem structure and function above- and below-ground through plant–soil feedbacks. The resistance of ecosystems to invasion can be measured by the degree of change in microbial communities and soil chemical pools and fluxes, whereas their resilience can be measured by the ability to recover following restoration. Coastal sage scrub (CSS) is one of the most highly invaded ecosystems in the US but the response of CSS soils to exotic plant invasion is little known. We examined resistance and resilience of CSS soil chemical and biological characteristics following invasion of exotic annual grasses and forbs and restoration of the native plant community. We hypothesized that invasion of exotic plant species would change biological and chemical characteristics of CSS soils by altering soil nutrient inputs. Additionally, we expected that if exotic plants were controlled and native plants were restored, native soil characteristics would recover. We sampled two locations with invaded, restored and native CSS for plant community composition, soil chemistry and microbial communities, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. Communities invaded by exotic annuals were resistant to some measured parameters but not others. Extractable nitrogen pools decreased, nitrogen cycling rates increased, and microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial ratios were altered in invaded soils, and these effects were mediated by the phenological stage of the dominant plant species. The largest impact of invasion on soils was an overall reduction of spatial heterogeneity in soil nutrients, nutrient cycling and microbial communities. Restored plots tended to recover in most biotic and chemical parameters including increased resource heterogeneity compared to invaded plots, suggesting that CSS soils are resilient but not resistant to invasion.

► We assessed coastal sage scrub resistance and resilience to exotic plant invasion.
► Invasion of exotic annuals reduced extractable N and increase N cycling rates.
► Microbial community composition (PLFA) was shifted by invasion.
► Invasion of exotic grasses increased homogeneity of soil resources.
► Inorganic N pools and microbial communities were resilient but not resistant to exotic invasion.