Alternatives to peat as a carrier for rhizobia inoculants: Solid and liquid formulations

Many of the microbial inoculants all over the world are based on solid peat formulations. This has been mostly true for well developed legume inoculants based on selected rhizobial strains, due to peat bacterial protection properties. Six carriers (bagasse, cork compost, attapulgite, sepiolite, perlite and amorphous silica) were evaluated as alternatives to peat. Compost from the cork industry and perlite were superior to peat in maintaining survival of different rhizospheric bacteria. Other tested materials were discarded as potential carriers for soybean rhizobia. Also, different liquid culture media have been assayed employing mannitol or glycerol as C sources. Some media maintained more than 109 cfu ml−1 of Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii SMH12 or Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 after 3 months of storage. Rhizobial survival on pre-inoculated seeds with both solid and liquid formulations previously cured for 15 days led to a higher bacterial numbers in comparison with recently made inoculants. An additional curing time of solid inoculants up to 120 days had a beneficial effect on rhizobial survival on seeds. The performance of different formulations of two highly effective soybean rhizobia strains was assayed under field conditions. Soybean inoculated with cork compost, perlite and liquid formulations produced seed yields that were not significantly different to those produced by peat-based inoculants.