Differentiation is coupled to changes in the cell cycle regulatory apparatus of human embryonic stem cells

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) exhibit cell cycle properties entirely distinct from those of somatic cells. Here we investigated the cell cycle characteristics of human embryonic stem cells (hESC). HESC could be sorted into populations based on the expression level of the cell surface stem cell marker GCTM-2. Compared to mESC, a significantly higher proportion of hESC (GCTM-2+ Oct-4+ cells) resided in G1 and retained G1-phase-specific hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRb). We showed that suppression of traverse through G1 is sufficient to promote hESC differentiation. Like mESC, hESC expressed cyclin E constitutively, were negative for D-type cyclins, and did not respond to CDK-4 inhibition. By contrast, cyclin A expression was periodic in hESC and coincided with S and G2/M phase progression. FGF-2 acted solely to sustain hESC pluripotency rather than to promote cell cycle progression or inhibit apoptosis. Differentiation increased G1-phase content, reinstated cyclin D activity, and restored the proliferative response to FGF-2. Treatment with CDK-2 inhibitor delayed hESC in G1 and S phase, resulting in accumulation of cells with hypophosphorylated pRb, GCTM-2, and Oct-4 and, interestingly, a second pRb+ GCTM-2+ subpopulation lacking Oct-4. We discuss evidence for a G1-specific, pRb-dependent restriction checkpoint in hESC closely associated with the regulation of pluripotency.