Disparities in Utilization of Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Treatment of Multiple Myeloma

• There are racial and ethnic disparities in the utilization of autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for the management of multiple myeloma in the United States.
• Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and Asian patients have reduced utilization of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation when compared with non-Hispanic White patients.
• Sex disparity in autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation is significant only among Hispanic patients.
• Ongoing increase in age of patients undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma will result in a substantial increase in transplantation activity.

Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT) is an established therapy for multiple myeloma (MM), with an impact on quality of remission and survival. We analyzed the role of race, ethnicity, sex, and age disparities in AHCT utilization in the United States. We combined MM incidence derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program with transplantation activity reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research for the period of 2005 to 2009 to assess the impact of disparities in AHCT. Utilization (number of transplantations/new cases) was compared between groups using the relative utilization ratio (RUR), defined as [utilization for a given category]/[utilization for the entire population]. Data were obtained from 22,462 actual MM cases and 13,311 AHCT. The age-adjusted RUR was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 1.19) among non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), higher than in non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) (age-adjusted RUR, .69; 95% CI, .67 to .72; P < .0002), Hispanics (age-adjusted RUR, .64; 95% CI, .60 to .69; P < .002), and Asians (age-adjusted RUR, .65; 95% CI, .58 to .73; P < .0002]. AHCT utilization was higher in men than in women among Hispanics (age-adjusted RUR .72 versus .56, P = .007), but not among NHW, NHB, or Asians. Sex disparity prevents 1.3% of potential AHCTs in patients with MM (10.4% among Hispanics). Racial-ethnic disparities prevent 13.8% of AHCTs (44.7% in Hispanic and Asians, 39.9% in NHBs). Race-ethnicity disparity greatly affects AHCT utilization in MM. Sex disparity plays a lesser role, except among Hispanics. The ongoing decrease in age disparity will continue to drive major increase of AHCT activity. Two-year and 5-year increases in the age of the AHCT population would result in 12% and 32% increases, respectively, in volume of AHCT.