Functional polymorphisms of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene and risk for esophageal squmaous cell carcinoma

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) influences carcinogenesis through regulation of angiogenesis, apoptosis and cytokine expression. We aimed to evaluate association of COX-2 polymorphisms with predisposition to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), its phenotype variability and modulation of environmental risk in northern Indian population. We genotyped 174 patients with ESCC and 216 controls for COX-2 gene polymorphisms (−765G>C; −1195G>A; −1290A>G; 3′UTR 8473T>C) using PCR-RFLP. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression model. COX-2 −765C allele carriers were at increased risk for ESCC (OR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.08–2.54; P = 0.004). However, −1195G>A; −1290A>G; 3′UTR 8473T>C polymorphisms of COX-2 gene were not significantly associated with ESCC. We observed significantly enhanced risk for ESCC due to interaction between COX-2 −1195GA × −765GC + CC genotypes (OR = 4.60; 95% CI = 1.63–13.01; P = 0.004). High risk to ESCC was also observed with respect to COX-2 haplotypes, A−1290G−1195C−765T8473 and A−1290A−1195C−765T8473 [OR = 3.35; 95% CI = 0.83–13.44; P = 0.089; OR = 4.28; 95% CI = 0.43–42.40; P = 0.246] however, it was not statistically significant. Stratification of subjects based on gender showed that females were at higher risk for ESCC due to COX-2 −765C carrier genotypes (OR = 2.97; 95% CI = 1.23–7.18; P = 0.016). In association of genotypes with clinical characteristics, −765C carrier genotype conferred risk of ESCC in middle third of esophagus (OR = 1.78; 95% CI = 1.08–2.93; P = 0.023). In case-only analysis, interaction of environmental risk factors and COX-2 genotypes did not further modulate the risk for ESCC. In summary, COX-2 −765G>C polymorphism confers ESCC susceptibility particularly in females and patients with middle third anatomical location of the tumor. Interaction of COX-2 −1195GA and −765C carrier genotypes also modulates ESCC risk.