The protective effect of Moringa oleifera leaves against cyclophosphamide-induced urinary bladder toxicity in rats

• A study on the effect of i.p. injection of CP in rats demonstrated histopathological features of cystitis by light microscope as ulcerated mucosa, edematous, hemorrhagic and fibrotic submucosa disorganization of myofibers.
• Ultrastructural changes were reported as extended intercellular gaps and junctional complexes as well as damage of cell organelles mainly mitochondria, capillary bed, myofibers organelles and sarcolemmal integrity.
• Biochemical analysis was done of MDA as a lipid peroxidation marker and reduced glutathione as a natural scavenger of free radicals and reactive oxygen species to monitor the oxidative stress and correlate the results with the urotoxicty examined histopathologically.
• Aiming to test the possible antioxidant protective effects of a natural plant called “Miracle vegetable” Moringa oleifera leaves extract since it possesses highly therapeutic and pharmacological values and whether it could reverse some of the histopathological damage induced by CP and almost restore the levels of MDA and GSH to nearly the control levels.

Cyclophosphamide (CP), an alkylating antineoplastic agent is widely used in the treatment of solid tumors and B-cell malignant disease. It is known to cause urinary bladder damage due to inducing oxidative stress. Moringa oleifera (Mof) is commonly known as drumstick tree. Moringa leaves have been reported to be a rich source of β-carotene, protein, vitamin C, calcium, and potassium. It acts as a good source of natural antioxidants; due to the presence of various types of antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids. The aim of this work was to test the possible antioxidant protective effects of M. oleifera leaves against CP induced urinary bladder toxicity in rats. Female Wister albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Group I served as control, received orally normal saline, group II received a single dose CP 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally, group III and VI both received orally hydroethanolic extract of Mof; 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg respectively daily for a week, 1 h before and 4 h after CP administration. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after CP injection. The bladder was removed, sectioned, and subjected to light, transition electron microscopic studies, and biochemical studies (measuring the parameter of lipid peroxidation; malondialdehyde along with the activities of the antioxidant enzyme reduced glutathione). The bladders of CP treated rats showed ulcered mucosa, edematous, hemorrhagic, and fibrotic submucosa by light microscopy. Ultrastructure observation showed; losing large areas of uroepithelium, extended intercellular gaps, junction complexes were affected as well as damage of mitochondria in the form of swelling and destruction of cristae. Biochemical analysis showed significant elevation of malondialdhyde, while reduced glutathione activity was significantly lowered. From the results obtained in this work, we can say that Moringa leaves play an important role in ameliorating and protecting the bladder from CP toxicity.