Numerical simulation of microparticles penetration and gas dynamics in an axi-symmetric supersonic nozzle for genetic vaccination

This paper describes two phase (solid particles/gas) flow in a supersonic nozzle that is part of a device for micromolecular vaccine/drug delivery. It accelerates micro solid particles to high speeds sufficient to penetrate the viable epidermis layer to achieve the pharmaceutical effect. Helium is used as the driving gas for the solid particles because of its high compressibility factor. A numerical parametric study was performed for gas pressures ranging between 3 and 6 MPa and gold particles of diameters 1.8 μm and 5 μm. The computed results show that uniform particle velocity was achieved at standoff distance of 2 exit diameters (De) downstream of the device exit with particles concentrated on the supersonic core jet. Increasing the helium pressure from 3 to 6 MPa caused an increase in the particle velocity of 24% for particles with a diameter of 1.8 μm and 7% for particles of diameter 5 μm at the standoff distance. Furthermore increased gas pressure has adverse effect on particles concentration. As the inlet pressure increases, the particles are concentrated more at the core of the nozzle. Semi-empirical particle penetration calculation confirms the numerical results that the 5 μm particles penetration distance is 45–135 μm and the 1.8 μm diameter penetration is 35–95 μm beneath the skin. Comparison of different geometries has been done in order to understand each section function and to gain optimum performance.

Graphical AbstractAn improved device for genetic vaccination delivery has been developed and tested. The results show that the particles of 1.8 and 5 μm achieve minimum penetration depth 35 μm over an area with diameter 10 mm, which reveals that particles of both diameters are capable of penetrating the outer skin layer (Stratum Comium) and reach the viable epidermis layer.Figure optionsDownload as PowerPoint slideResearch Highlights
► Improved device for micromolecular genetic vaccination has been developed.
► Gold medicated microparticles can breach the SC for genetic vaccination.
► Particles of diameter 1.8 and 5 μm achieve minimum penetration depth 35 μm.
► The modified design reduces gas delivery pressure which will enhance the safety.