Does body contact contribute towards repairing relationships?: The association between flipper-rubbing and aggressive behavior in captive bottlenose dolphins

Bottlenose dolphins exhibit complex social affiliations that may be shaped by interactions among individuals. Affiliative body contact among dolphins may repair deteriorated relationships or reduce tension within the group following aggressive interactions. We investigated the time-series association between one type of contact behavior (flipper-rubbing) and aggression by continuous observation of three captive bottlenose dolphins. For all three dolphin pairs, the elapsed time to aggressive events was significantly greater following flipper-rubbing. In two dolphin pairs comprised of a young male and an adult female, one-zero score of inter-opponent flipper-rubbing was higher for 10 min following aggressive bouts (post-AG periods) than for the same length of control (Ctrl) periods. For all three focal pairs, one-zero score of third-party rubbing was higher for post-AG than Ctrl periods. Neither the direction of rubbing nor the identity of the partner that approached prior to rubbing showed any significant tendencies. Flipper-rubbing may contribute to restore friendly relationships between former opponents or reduce conflicts in at least juvenile-adult female associations. Our results also give preliminary suggestions of the functions of third-party flipper-rubbing among bottlenose dolphins, including tension easing by the third party, or displacement as a result of aggressive interactions.