Genetic trends in a Holstein × other breeds multibreed dairy population in Central Thailand

Genetic variability and genetic trends for 305-day milk yield (MY), 305-day fat yield (FY), and average 305-day fat percent (FP) were evaluated using monthly test-day records from first-lactation cows collected from 1991 to 2005 in 92 farms located in Central Thailand. Estimates of variance and covariance components and breeding values (EBV) were obtained using a multiple-trait animal model. Fixed effects were contemporary group (herd–year–season), calving age, additive genetic group as a function of Holstein fraction, and non-additive genetic group as function of heterosis effect. Random effects were animal and residual. Program ASREML was used to perform computations. Estimates of heritabilities were 0.38 ± 0.10 for MY, 0.25 ± 0.11 for FY, and 0.22 ± 0.11 for FP. Although the difference between the mean MY for cows in 1991 and 2005 was 324.1 kg, the regression of mean cow EBV for MY on year was 6.5 kg/year. Differences between mean cow EBV for FY and FP in 1991 and 2005 and their corresponding regressions of mean FY and FP on year were all near zero. Similarly, mean EBV for sires and dams of cows also showed near zero trends during these years. A factor contributing to the near complete absence of genetic trends was likely the variety of criteria used by producers to choose sires and to keep dams in addition to EBV (e.g., availability of semen, reproductive ability, adaptation to hot and humid conditions). It also appears that high percent Holstein cows failed to reach their production potential under the management, nutrition, and hot and humid climatic conditions in this tropical region. Changes in nutrition and management would be needed for high percent Holstein cows to show an upward trend in Central Thailand.