Crossing industrial boundaries at the pharma-nutrition interface in probiotics: A life cycle perspective

• The food sector dominates the field of probiotics by driving science, technology and market convergence showing a higher clockspeed between the life cycle phases.
• While the food sector dominates product launches for food products containing probiotics, the pharmaceutical sector dominates the product launches of the supplement market.
• A clear trend towards industry convergence can be identified by the growing number of cross-industry activities.

The aim of this paper is to advance the research on innovation at the pharma-nutrition interface by analysing the three steps of science, technology and market convergence in the area of probiotics using a life cycle perspective. Results from a bibliometric analysis drawing upon 8245 scientific publications, 2082 patents and 1357 news reports focussing on product launch announcements from 1990 up to 2009 indicate that the proposed curve shapes of the life cycles in the theory based framework can be transferred to the case of probiotics. There is a time shift considering the life cycles showing the same activities of the industrial sectors at different moments of time. The food sector dominates the field of probiotics by driving science, technology and market convergence showing earlier activities in scientific publications, patents as well as product launches, while presenting a higher clockspeed between the different life cycle phases. While the food sector dominates product launches for food products containing probiotics, the pharmaceutical sector dominates the product launches of the supplement market. In addition, a clear trend towards industry convergence can be identified by the growing number of cross-industry activities.

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