PV array fault DiagnosticTechnique for BIPV systems

To ensure the cost effectiveness of photovoltaic power plants (PVPPs) it is needed to keep the level of yearly energy production as high as possible. In this context, efficiency and availability of a PVPP have to be checked continuously. The section of a PVPP which deserves more attention is surely the PV array, where many fault conditions can happen (shading, by-pass diode faults, cable interruptions, and so on). A diagnostic tool to detect faults in the PV array is desirable, even if its implementation is critical owing to: the fluctuation of the operating conditions (mainly irradiance), which complicates the instantaneous response investigation and costs and implementation constraints to implement a distributed (at PV module level) or semi-distributed (at string level) monitoring/diagnostic system. Particularly, for BIPV systems, further constraints related to the regular access for inspection and maintenance operations have to be considered. In this paper, the procedure adopted to develop and validate a diagnostic tool can be summarized in four steps: (1) using real data to model the PV array; (2) introducing several fault scenarios on the real PV string and analyzing the relative modifications of the I–V curves; (3) assessment of the meaningful parameters useful to discern the different faults by means of a PV generator (PVG) simulator based on a metaheuristic technique denominated ABC-DE; (4) proposition of several fault signing tables to assess the PV plant fault diagnostic.