Evolution of a soldier caste specialized to lay unfertilized eggs in the ant genus Crematogaster (subgenus Orthocrema)

Among social Hymenoptera, only some ant genera have more than one morphological kind of non-reproductive adults. Individuals that are bigger than ordinary workers can function for defence and/or food storage. In Crematogaster (Orthocrema) smithi from Arizona, a third caste exists in addition to winged queens and workers; it is intermediate in size, weight and morphology, and individuals lay many unfertilized eggs that are mostly eaten by larvae ( Heinze et al., 1995, 1999). We studied another three species belonging to the subgenus Orthocrema: Crematogaster pygmaea from Brazil, Crematogaster biroi and Crematogaster schimmeri from Taiwan. Using scanning electron microscopy and ovarian dissections, we show that ‘intermediates’ are a patchwork of queen-like and worker-like traits, just as in C. smithi; importantly the combinations differ across species. ‘Intermediates’ are numerically few in the colonies, and in C. pygmaea they are produced seasonally. Using histology we confirmed the lack of a spermatheca, thus they are not ergatoid queens. Based on the similarity of their mosaic phenotypes with those in other ant lineages, we suggest that Orthocrema ‘intermediates’ are a soldier caste with a specialized trophic function. This soldier caste has been reported in other Orthocrema species from Madagascar, Guinea and Costa Rica, suggesting that it is widespread in this subgenus.

► A wingless third caste occurs in at least 11 species from ant subgenus Orthocrema.
► 3 species (Brazil, Taiwan) lack a spermatheca but ovaries are larger than in workers.
► Eyes, ocelli, thorax and overall size are intermediate between queens and workers.
► Many unfertilized eggs are laid which suggests a trophic function in colonies.
► Intermediate traits of the third caste reflect partial activation of queen development.