Experiment and FEM study of one-way mixing of elastic waves with quadratic nonlinearity

• The mixing waveforms change clearly as frequency deviation increases.
• The critical limit of frequency deviation for aluminum is obtained within ±7%±7%.
• Received amplitude of mixing wave increases with increasing mixing distance from experiments.
• A special angle of mixing wave from FEM decreases linearly with increasing mixing distance.

This paper investigates frequency deviation during imperfect resonant conditions through FEM simulations and experimental measurements using a one-way mixing technique. Waveforms of resonant waves are determined to change significantly from a diamond shape to certain toneburst trains as frequency deviation increases. The critical limit of frequency deviation for aluminum is obtained within ±7%. In the case of quasi-collinear mixing, scanning experimental results show that the received amplitude of the mixing wave increases with increasing mixing distance, and a special angle of the mixing wave in FEM simulations is found to explain this trend.