Touching annotations: A visual metaphor for navigation of annotation in digital documents

• We discuss the issues of navigating ancient manuscripts through the use of annotation.
• We undertake a controlled study to observe the effect of navigation paradigm on task efficiency.
• The impact of annotation design on efficiency of navigation tasks is dependent on the type of annotation.
• The choice of navigation design should depend upon the relationship between the annotation and the document.

Direct touch manipulation interactions with technology are now commonplace and significant interest is building around their use in the culture and heritage domain. Such interactions can give people the opportunity to explore materials and artefacts in ways that would otherwise be unavailable. These are often heavily annotated and can be linked to a large array of related digital content, thus enriching the experience for the user. Research has addressed issues of how to present digital documents and their related annotations but at present it is unclear what the optimal interaction approach to navigating these annotations in a touch display context might be.In this paper we investigate the role of two alternative approaches to support the navigation of annotations in digitised documents in the context of a touch interface. Through a control study we demonstrate that, whilst the navigation paradigm displays a significant interaction with the type of annotations task performed, there is no discernible advantage of using a natural visual metaphor for annotation in this context. This suggests that design of digital document annotation navigation tools should account for the context and navigation tasks being considered.