Leveraging underspecification in knowledge artifacts to foster collaborative activities in professional communities

Collaborative problem solving often involves actors with heterogeneous competences or that see a common problem from different perspectives: this can make mutual understanding difficult. The paper presents case studies in different domains where collaboration leverages shared representations, and discusses the main reasons why these representations succeeded in fostering mutual understanding. We observed how the technologies proposed to manage those representations were successful only to the extent they were made able to adapt to the dynamic and open conventions that actors adopted during their activities. The point of the paper is that locality, openness and underspecification are key factors in this process, for their capability to promote tacit knowledge and to let competent actors reach a sufficient level of mutual understanding towards some common goal. The paper proposes a conceptual framework to characterize the notion of knowledge artifact interpreted as a semiotic system where actors can make sense of shared and underspecified representations, and derives from this notion implications for the design of a supportive technology.

► We discuss shared representations as inscribed in material Knowledge Artifacts (KAs).
► We illustrate three cases of KA use in different communities of experts.
► Locality, openness and underspecification are key factors in the success of KAs.
► We propose a semiological framework to interpret KAs in situated action.
► We also draw some design-oriented principles for the digitization of KAs.