Self-organizing ARTMAP rule discovery

The Self-Organizing ARTMAP Rule Discovery (SOARD) system derives relationships among recognition classes during online learning. SOARD training on input/output pairs produces the basic competence of direct recognition of individual class labels for new test inputs. As a typical supervised system, it learns many-to-one maps, which recognize different inputs (Spot, Rex) as belonging to one class (dog). As an ARTMAP system, it also learns one-to-many maps, allowing a given input (Spot) to learn a new class (animal) without forgetting its previously learned output (dog), even as it corrects erroneous predictions (cat).As it learns individual input/output class predictions, SOARD employs distributed code representations that support online rule discovery. When the input Spot activates the classes dogand animal, confidence in the rule dog  →→animal begins to grow. When other inputs simultaneously activate classes cat and animal, confidence in the converse rule, animal  →→dog, decreases.Confidence in a self-organized rule is encoded as the weight in a path from one class node to the other. An experience-based mechanism modulates the rate of rule learning, to keep inaccurate predictions from creating false rules during early learning. Rules may be excitatory or inhibitory so that rule-based activation can add missing classes and remove incorrect ones.SOARD rule activation also enables inputs to learn to make direct predictions of output classes that they have never experienced during supervised training. When input Rex activates its learned class dog, the rule dog  →→animal indirectly activates the output class animal. The newly activated class serves as a teaching signal which allows input Rex to learn direct activation of the output class animal.Simulations using small-scale and large-scale datasets demonstrate functional properties of the SOARD system in both spatial and time-series domains.