On decidability of monadic logic of order over the naturals extended by monadic predicates

A fundamental result of Büchi states that the set of monadic second-order formulas true in the structure (Nat, <) is decidable. A natural question is: what monadic predicates (sets) can be added to (Nat, <) while preserving decidability? Elgot and Rabin found many interesting predicates P for which the monadic theory of 〈Nat, <, P〉 is decidable. The Elgot and Rabin automata theoretical method has been generalized and sharpened over the years and their results were extended to a variety of unary predicates. We give a sufficient and necessary model-theoretical condition for the decidability of the monadic theory of (Nat, <, P1, … , Pn).We reformulate this condition in an algebraic framework and show that a sufficient condition proposed previously by O. Carton and W.Thomas is actually necessary. A crucial argument in the proof is that monadic second-order logic has the selection and the uniformization properties over the extensions of (Nat, <) by monadic predicates. We provide a self-contained proof of this result.