Human and machine factors in algae monitoring performance

The specimen identifications generated by experts are useful not only to ecology, but to researchers developing systems for automatic labelling of marine plankton. Comparisons of performance are presented, where human experts have been pitted against machines to label plankton. Consensus of opinion is important in reducing errors, yet it is the norm for experts to operate alone. The shortcomings of man and machines engaged in plankton recognition are reviewed and the future of automation is assessed.