Feral livestock threatens landscapes dominated by columnar cacti

► Damages to cacti are large in number and volume, and variable among sites. ► Most injuries to cacti are concentrated at 0.5-1.75 m above ground level. ► Cactus damage correlates with donkey and cattle dung abundance in its surroundings. ► Cactus damage does not correlate with guanaco dung abundance in its surroundings.