Characteristics of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in PAHs contaminated soil amended with sewage sludge or vermicompost

Earthworms can be used to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil, but this might affect their survival and they might accumulate the contaminants. Sterilized and unsterilized soil was contaminated with phenanthrene (Phen), anthracene (Anth) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), added with or without Eisenia fetida, sewage sludge or vermicompost. Survival, growth, cocoon formation and concentrations of PAHs in the earthworms were monitored for 70 days. Addition of sewage sludge to sterilized or unsterilized soil maintained the number of earthworms and their survival was 94%. The addition of sludge significantly increased the weight of earthworms 1.3 times compared to those kept in the unamended soil or in soil amended with vermicompost. The weight of earthworms was significantly lower in sterilized than in unsterilized soil. Cocoons were only detected when sewage sludge was added to unsterilized soil. A maximum concentration of 62.3 μg Phen kg−1 was found in the earthworms kept in sterilized soil amended with vermicompost after 7 days and 22.3 μg Phen kg−1 when kept in the unamended unsterilized soil after 14 days. Concentrations of Phen in the earthworms decreased thereafter and ≤2 μg kg−1 after 28 days. A maximum Anth concentration of 82.5 μg kg−1 was found in the earthworms kept in sterilized soil amended with vermicompost and 45.8 μg Anth kg−1 when kept in the unamended unsterilized soil after 14 days. A maximum concentration of 316 μg BaP kg−1 was found in the earthworms kept in sterilized soil amended with vermicompost after 56 days and 311 μg BaP kg−1 when kept in the unsterilized soil amended with vermicompost after 28 days. The amount of BaP in the earthworm was generally largest after 28 days, but after 70 days still 60 μg kg−1 was found in E. fetida when kept in the sterilized soil amended with sewage sludge. It was found that E. fetida survived in PAHs contaminated soil and accumulated only small amounts of the contaminants, but sewage sludge was required as food for its survival and cocoon production.