KHN-equivalent voltage-mode filters using universal voltage conveyors

The analog circuit design is very often focused on the design of frequency filters employing different types of active elements. In this paper we present the universal voltage conveyor that is used for the design of the KHN-equivalent filters working in the voltage-mode. Auxiliary voltage inputs of the active elements are used to reduce the number of floating admittances in the structure. Both proposed structures are easily cascadable since the input and output impedances are in theory infinitely high and zero, respectively. The behavior of the filters has been verified through PSpice simulations and furthermore by experimental measurements.