Analyzing the role of cognitive and cultural biases in the internalization of information security policies: Recommendations for information security awareness programs

• Security literature lacks an examination of cognitive and cultural biases' role.
• We study how cognitive and cultural biases affect security compliance behavior.
• Security awareness programs could alleviate the effect of biases.
• We provide recommendations for security awareness programs towards this goal.

Standards and best practices for information security awareness programs focus on the content and processes of the programs, without taking into consideration how individuals internalize security-related information and how individuals make security related decisions. Relevant literature, however has identified that individual perceptions, beliefs, and biases significantly influence security policy compliance behavior. Security awareness programs need, therefore, to be aligned with the factors affecting the internalization of the communicated security objectives. This paper explores the role of cognitive and cultural biases in shaping information security perceptions and behaviors. We draw upon related literature from contiguous disciplines (namely behavioral economics and health and safety research) to develop a conceptual framework and analyze the role of cognitive and cultural biases in information security behavior. We discuss the implications of biases for security awareness programs and provide a set of recommendations for planning and implementing awareness programs, and for designing the related material. This paper opens new avenues for information security awareness research with regard to security decision making and proposes practical recommendations for planning and delivering security awareness programs, so as to exploit and alleviate the effect of cognitive and cultural biases on shaping risk perceptions and security behavior.