Arthropod viruses and small RNAs

• Large DNA viruses tend to use small RNA-based modulation of host immunity.
• RNA viruses rely on VSRs and RNA secondary structure to deflect the RNAi pathway.
• The miRNA and piRNA pathways also function in antiviral immunity.
• Small RNAs are intrinsic to the host – virus arms race.

The recently characterized small RNAs provide a new paradigm for physiological studies. These molecules have been shown to be integral players in processes as diverse as development and innate immunity against bacteria and viruses in eukaryotes. Several of the well-characterized small RNAs including small interfering RNAs, microRNAs and PIWI-interacting RNAs are emerging as important players in mediating arthropod host–virus interactions. Understanding the role of small RNAs in arthropod host–virus molecular interactions will facilitate manipulation of these pathways for both management of arthropod pests of agricultural and medical importance, and for protection of beneficial arthropods such as honey bees and shrimp. This review highlights recent research on the role of small RNAs in arthropod host–virus interactions with reference to other host-pathogen systems.

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