The effects of request formats on judgment-based effort estimation

In this paper we study the effects of a change from the traditional request “How much effort is required to complete X?” to the alternative “How much can be completed in Y work-hours?”. Studies 1 and 2 report that software professionals receiving the alternative format provided much lower, and presumably more optimistic, effort estimates of the same software development work than those receiving the traditional format. Studies 3 and 4 suggest that the effect belongs to the family of anchoring effects. An implication of our results is that project managers and clients should avoid the alternative estimation request format.