Ponderomotive force as a cause for chaos in loudspeakers

Loudspeakers are composed of many interacting moving parts, each one with different mechanical characteristics. Therefore, together with the movements in the input frequencies, several others are produced in different time scales. In this letter, we propose a theory that explains the chaotic regimes in loudspeakers reported in the literature, as a consequence of ponderomotive force resulted from the nonlinear coupling between two of those different time scales. On the basis of the theory, we discuss design directions on how to avoid the chaotic behaviors.