Permanence in nonautonomous multi-species predator–prey system with feedback controls

A nonautonomous multi-species predator–prey system with feedback controls is proposed in this paper, where the competition among the predator species and among the prey species is considered, also some important factors such as the effect of toxins and the age-structure are also considered. Average conditions are obtained for permanence and global attractivity in the system. The results obtained here generalized the main results of Zhao and Jiang [J.D. Zhao, J.F. Jiang, Permanence in nonautonomous Lotka–Volterra system with predator–prey, Appl. Math. Computat.,152 (2004) 99–109].