Convergent sequences of dense graphs I: Subgraph frequencies, metric properties and testing

We consider sequences of graphs (Gn) and define various notions of convergence related to these sequences: “left convergence” defined in terms of the densities of homomorphisms from small graphs into Gn; “right convergence” defined in terms of the densities of homomorphisms from Gn into small graphs; and convergence in a suitably defined metric.In Part I of this series, we show that left convergence is equivalent to convergence in metric, both for simple graphs Gn, and for graphs Gn with nodeweights and edgeweights. One of the main steps here is the introduction of a cut-distance comparing graphs, not necessarily of the same size. We also show how these notions of convergence provide natural formulations of Szemerédi partitions, sampling and testing of large graphs.