Life-cycle cost analyses of heat pump concepts for Finnish new nearly zero energy residential buildings

For both building types, the LCCs were the smallest with the ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) followed by the air-to-water heat pumps. For almost all concepts, the LCCs were bigger for the solar included concepts. The economic order of the solutions did not change when the results were sensitized but the GSHPs were proven to be the most economic alternatives.