On the performance of a micro-scale Bach-type turbine as predicted by discrete-vortex simulations

The flow past a Bach-type vertical-axis wind or current turbine is simulated using a viscous Discrete-Vortex Method at a Reynolds number of 1500. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the suitability of Bach-type turbines for use as micro-scale energy harvesters that can be applied to power, for example, sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network. The maximum power coefficient of the turbine operating at a prescribed constant tip-speed ratio is found to be 0.18, which is comparable to the performance of the same turbine at much higher Reynolds numbers, thus indicating only minimal performance penalty for miniaturization. The speed of the turbine has a strong influence on the evolution of vortical flow structures. A new wake-capturing mechanism that boosts the performance of the turbine is discovered from the simulations for a certain range of tip-speed ratios where the vortex shed by the advancing blade helps drive the returning blade. In addition to prescribed rotation, free rotation of a steel Bach-type turbine in water is also investigated. Significant fluctuation in angular velocity over one period of rotation is observed. This speed fluctuation is found to be detrimental to energy extraction, reducing the maximum power coefficient to approximately 0.16. The estimated power generating capacity of a micro-scale turbine indicates that it can significantly extend the life expectancy of a wireless sensor node or even maintain the node in a low-power state indefinitely.