Research paperSpatially resolved chemical species concentrations above the fuel bed of a small grate-fired wood-chip boiler

- Results are highly relevant for CFD fuel bed model optimization and validation.
- Spatially resolved species distribution above a small fixed grate was carried out.
- Realistic boundary conditions for gas-phase combustion simulation are presented.
- Locally resolved data expressed different stages of primary combustion on a grate.
- With the presented reactor design PM emissions can be reduced effectively.

This work concerns the first stage of combustion in a small, air-staged, wood-chip boiler because comprehensive experimental data on the release of wood-volatiles during thermal conversion of solid biomass on grates are necessary to provide reliable data for the validation and optimization of fuel bed models and gas phase combustion models. Despite this importance, data especially from small-scale boilers are rare. This work provides detailed information about the spatial distribution of gaseous species, water and tar above the fuel bed of a commercial boiler with a nominal heat output of 40 kW. Furthermore, the influence of the primary air ratio and the wood-chip moisture on the fuel gas composition and the quantity of fine particulate matter emissions were investigated. Fuel gas volume fractions were: 16.6% CO, 3.6% H2, 1.8% CH4, 6.3% CO2, 0.2% O2, 28.3% H2O, 43.2% N2 for wood-chips with a fuel water content of 12% and a primary air ratio of 0.25. The corresponding tar content and the lower calorific value amounted to 78 g m−3 at standard temperature and pressure (STP) and 5.14 MJ kg−1, respectively. The locally different concentration of species and temperature above the fuel layer resulted from the fuel bed movement. Strong gradients in species fraction were detected in direction of the fuel flow while species fraction gradients perpendicular to fuel bed movement were marginal. Particulate matter emissions of the investigated boiler were 7 mg m−3 (at STP and O2 volume fraction of 13% in the dry exhaust gas) with aforementioned testing conditions.