Does spectrum auctioning harm consumers? Lessons from 3G licensing

► This is an empirical study on the effects of spectrum auctions for 3G mobile service. ► It shows no evidence that auctions have led to an increase in consumer prices. ► The burden of licensing fees has not forced licensees to deter investments. ► The auctions gave rise to a larger decrease in HHI, but it is statistically weak. ► This study calls for more positive action toward spectrum auctions.