Two-dimensional characteristic boundary conditions for open boundaries in the lattice Boltzmann methods

Two-dimensional (2-D) characteristic boundary conditions (CBC) based on the characteristic analysis are formulated for the lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM). In this approach, the classical locally-one dimensional inviscid (LODI) relations are improved by recovering multi-dimensional effects on flows at open boundaries. The 2-D CBC are extended to a general subsonic flow configuration in the LBM and the effects of the transverse terms are clarified. From the vortex convection and vortex shedding problems, it is verified that the improved CBC shows better performance in accuracy compared to the conventional CBC approaches.