Larger crossing angles make graphs easier to read

• The effect of crossing angles on human graph comprehension was validated.
• A new two-step approach was introduced for testing graph aesthetics.
• Equivalence testing was introduced for statistical hypothesis testing.
• Four different measurements of crossing angle were validated.
• The minimum angle on the path was the most important for path finding tasks.

Objective: Aesthetics are important in algorithm design and graph evaluation. This paper presents two user studies that were conducted to investigate the impact of crossing angles on human graph comprehension.Method and results: These two studies together demonstrate our newly proposed two-step approach for testing graph aesthetics. The first study is a controlled experiment with purposely-generated graphs. Twenty-two subjects participated in the study and were asked to determine the length of a path which was crossed by a set of parallel edges at different angles. The result of an analysis of variance showed that larger crossing angles induced better task performance. The second study was a non-controlled experiment with general real world graphs. Thirty-seven subjects participated in the study and were asked to find the shortest path of two pre-selected nodes in a set of graph drawings. The results of simple regression tests confirmed the negative effect of small crossing angles. This study also showed that among our four proposed candidates, the minimum crossing angle on the path was the best measure for the aesthetic when path finding is important.Conclusion: Larger crossing angles make graphs easier to read.Implications: In situations where crossings cannot be completely removed (for example, graphs are non-planar, or a drawing convention is applied), or where effort needed to remove all crossings cannot be justified, the crossing angle should be maximized to reduce the negative impact of crossings to the minimum.