A Review of Business Models towards Service-Oriented Electricity Systems

One of the main interest of product-service system (PSS) is its potentiality to minimize the environmental impact of both consumption and production. In the energy sector, Product-Service System has been discussed in the literature as a concept associated with energy efficiency. However, the liberalization of the energy markets and the increasing market share of distributed renewable energy allow ventures and new actors to employ Product-Service System in both decentralized renewable energy generation and demand-side management. This paper is a review paper exploring different business models (BMs) for energy transition. It outlines three major business models: Customer-owned product centered BMs, where the customer owns the product related to the electricity generation or management; Third-party service centered BMs, where a third party offers energy services to the customer; and finally Energy community BMs, where resources are pooled and shared between community members.